National Educational Policy

   National Educational Policy 

Interpretation 

Education in Pakistan is overseas by the federal ministry of education and provisional governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development,  accreditation and in the financing of research and development.  Article 25.A of constitution of pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education for children. " The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law".

The education system in pakistan is generally divided in to six levels.  Pre school , primary,  middle,  high,  secondary school , intermediate,  higher secondary,  undergraduate and graduate degrees .

The literacy rate ranges from 85/ in islamabad to 23/ in the torghar district.  Literacy rates very regionally, particularly by gender . In tribal area female literacy rate 74/ . Moreover, English is fast spreading in Pakistan. 

Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates and despite these statistics,  Pakistan still has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world.  

This is just a little bit point of view it's a huge debate able topic.

                                                   Urooj Qureshi 

Introduction of Microeconomics

                      Introduction of Microeconomics





Microeconomics is the study of individuals, households and firms' behavior in decision making and allocation of resources. It generally applies to markets of goods and services and deals with individual and economic issues. Microeconomic study deals with what choices people make, what factors influence their choices and how their decisions affect the goods markets by affecting the price, the supply and demand.



                                                                  Urooj Qureshi

Macroeconomic

Macroeconomics | Projects | Institute for New Economic Thinking Macroeconomics Many aspects, both general and detailed, of empirical macroeconomic models used for economic policy analyses fail to match the existing evidence. It is essential to model the key aspects of the interaction between the financial sector and the real economy using flow-of-funds balance sheet data, investigate financial fragility resulting from credit booms and over-valued house prices, while allowing for institutional heterogeneity across countries. We illuminate the roles of housing in the economy, emphasizing the importance of institutional arrangements (differing greatly between economies), and on how changes in house prices and mortgages in turn affect economic outcomes.We have also provided a critique of the mathematical basis of current macroeconomic theory, primarily represented by dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, demonstrating its invalidity when distributions shift, and hence undermined the theory of so-called `rational expectations’.




                                                                     Urooj Qureshi

The role of small business

The Role of small business in poverty alleviation background



THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION BACKGROUND * STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The level of poverty that this country is in now demands that this poverty alleviation mechanism intended to be an emergency, to address some of the most urgent social concerns of the Nigeria’s vulnerable groups, such as the poor, widows, orphans, the disabled, the urban poor, the urban displaced (like the 300,000 Lagos Maroko inhabitants that that were forcibly removed by the military, and the victims of the previous and the present religious disturbances.) The rural poor, the environmental refugees of he Niger-Delta people and the erosion prone Akwa Ibom people, the old age people and the retrenched civil –servants and others who are affected due to the economic down-turn occasioned by mis-management and the subsequent economic reforms. These groups of people need urgent attention. They should not be left to their fate for their fate is in Nigeria. Infact, poverty makes people compromise on moral values or abandon moral values completely. Poverty has created frustration, loss of hope, prospects of living, something to live for and disillusionment about morality because criminals are living best. In order words, poverty is a cause of corruption while corruption is a cause of quench of poverty and loss of moral values.



                                                                    Urooj Qureshi

Impact of government

Impact of government Expenditure on Economic Growth

Government expenditure no doubt is an important instrument for a government to control the economy of a nation. Economists have been well aware of the effects in promoting economic growth. Anyway ,the general view is the government expenditure notably on social and economic infrastructure can be growth enhancing although the financing of such expenditure to provide essential infrastructural facilities including transport, electricity, telecommunication , water and sanitation, waste disposal, education and health can be growth retarding.....

                                                                     Urooj Qureshi 

Innovation and Technology

                        Innovation and technology



Each firm pursues a specific innovation strategy with the objective to gaining a competitive advantage. To this end, the company draws on some unique, mostly complementary capabilities (technological, organisational, human and other resources). This view of the firm is a core concept of the “strategic management literature”, which is specified in several but effectively quite similar ways. To mention are primarily the “resource-based view of the firm" (Wernerfelt 1984), the “dynamic capability approach” (Teece et al. 1997; Teece 2010), or the concept of the “knowledge- based company” (Kogut and Zander 1993). Some other researchers emphasising the strategic behaviour of heterogeneous firms even find significant performance differences among sub-groups of a company (see, e.g., Rumelt 1991; McGahan et al. 1997).






                                                                    Urooj Qureshi

Econophysics

                                   Econophysics

In this paper we extend the macroeconomic agent-based model introduced in Macroeconomics from the Bottom Up (Delli Gatti et al., 2011) with the inclusion of a bank-bank credit network and other modifications – from the inclusion of the public sector, to a more detailed specification of the consumption function – with the ultimate goal of evaluating the impact of different policies in the presence of an interbank market. In fact, interbank markets represent one of the most important elements of the modern financial and monetary system (Allen et al., 2009). Well functioning interbank markets serve the purpose of enhancing liquidity exchanges among financial institutions as they facilitate the allocation of the liquidity surplus to illiquid banks, thereby playing a key role in banks liquidity management (Iori et al., 2015a; Xu et al., 2016). Interbank markets also are the focus of the implementation of monetary policies since they represent one of the main instruments for the transmission of monetary policy targets from central banks to the rest of the economy (Iori et al., 2015a). On the other hand, interbank markets are an important object of attention by regulators and policy makers due to their intrinsic network structure that may amplify the response of the financial system to (even single seemingly isolated) shocks, thus paving the way for potential financial contagion and domino effects (Ferrari, 2016).




                                                                Urooj Qureshi