National Educational Policy

   National Educational Policy 

Interpretation 

Education in Pakistan is overseas by the federal ministry of education and provisional governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development,  accreditation and in the financing of research and development.  Article 25.A of constitution of pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education for children. " The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law".

The education system in pakistan is generally divided in to six levels.  Pre school , primary,  middle,  high,  secondary school , intermediate,  higher secondary,  undergraduate and graduate degrees .

The literacy rate ranges from 85/ in islamabad to 23/ in the torghar district.  Literacy rates very regionally, particularly by gender . In tribal area female literacy rate 74/ . Moreover, English is fast spreading in Pakistan. 

Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates and despite these statistics,  Pakistan still has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world.  

This is just a little bit point of view it's a huge debate able topic.

                                                   Urooj Qureshi 

Introduction of Microeconomics

                      Introduction of Microeconomics





Microeconomics is the study of individuals, households and firms' behavior in decision making and allocation of resources. It generally applies to markets of goods and services and deals with individual and economic issues. Microeconomic study deals with what choices people make, what factors influence their choices and how their decisions affect the goods markets by affecting the price, the supply and demand.



                                                                  Urooj Qureshi

Macroeconomic

Macroeconomics | Projects | Institute for New Economic Thinking Macroeconomics Many aspects, both general and detailed, of empirical macroeconomic models used for economic policy analyses fail to match the existing evidence. It is essential to model the key aspects of the interaction between the financial sector and the real economy using flow-of-funds balance sheet data, investigate financial fragility resulting from credit booms and over-valued house prices, while allowing for institutional heterogeneity across countries. We illuminate the roles of housing in the economy, emphasizing the importance of institutional arrangements (differing greatly between economies), and on how changes in house prices and mortgages in turn affect economic outcomes.We have also provided a critique of the mathematical basis of current macroeconomic theory, primarily represented by dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, demonstrating its invalidity when distributions shift, and hence undermined the theory of so-called `rational expectations’.




                                                                     Urooj Qureshi

The role of small business

The Role of small business in poverty alleviation background



THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION BACKGROUND * STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The level of poverty that this country is in now demands that this poverty alleviation mechanism intended to be an emergency, to address some of the most urgent social concerns of the Nigeria’s vulnerable groups, such as the poor, widows, orphans, the disabled, the urban poor, the urban displaced (like the 300,000 Lagos Maroko inhabitants that that were forcibly removed by the military, and the victims of the previous and the present religious disturbances.) The rural poor, the environmental refugees of he Niger-Delta people and the erosion prone Akwa Ibom people, the old age people and the retrenched civil –servants and others who are affected due to the economic down-turn occasioned by mis-management and the subsequent economic reforms. These groups of people need urgent attention. They should not be left to their fate for their fate is in Nigeria. Infact, poverty makes people compromise on moral values or abandon moral values completely. Poverty has created frustration, loss of hope, prospects of living, something to live for and disillusionment about morality because criminals are living best. In order words, poverty is a cause of corruption while corruption is a cause of quench of poverty and loss of moral values.



                                                                    Urooj Qureshi

Impact of government

Impact of government Expenditure on Economic Growth

Government expenditure no doubt is an important instrument for a government to control the economy of a nation. Economists have been well aware of the effects in promoting economic growth. Anyway ,the general view is the government expenditure notably on social and economic infrastructure can be growth enhancing although the financing of such expenditure to provide essential infrastructural facilities including transport, electricity, telecommunication , water and sanitation, waste disposal, education and health can be growth retarding.....

                                                                     Urooj Qureshi 

Innovation and Technology

                        Innovation and technology



Each firm pursues a specific innovation strategy with the objective to gaining a competitive advantage. To this end, the company draws on some unique, mostly complementary capabilities (technological, organisational, human and other resources). This view of the firm is a core concept of the “strategic management literature”, which is specified in several but effectively quite similar ways. To mention are primarily the “resource-based view of the firm" (Wernerfelt 1984), the “dynamic capability approach” (Teece et al. 1997; Teece 2010), or the concept of the “knowledge- based company” (Kogut and Zander 1993). Some other researchers emphasising the strategic behaviour of heterogeneous firms even find significant performance differences among sub-groups of a company (see, e.g., Rumelt 1991; McGahan et al. 1997).






                                                                    Urooj Qureshi

Econophysics

                                   Econophysics

In this paper we extend the macroeconomic agent-based model introduced in Macroeconomics from the Bottom Up (Delli Gatti et al., 2011) with the inclusion of a bank-bank credit network and other modifications – from the inclusion of the public sector, to a more detailed specification of the consumption function – with the ultimate goal of evaluating the impact of different policies in the presence of an interbank market. In fact, interbank markets represent one of the most important elements of the modern financial and monetary system (Allen et al., 2009). Well functioning interbank markets serve the purpose of enhancing liquidity exchanges among financial institutions as they facilitate the allocation of the liquidity surplus to illiquid banks, thereby playing a key role in banks liquidity management (Iori et al., 2015a; Xu et al., 2016). Interbank markets also are the focus of the implementation of monetary policies since they represent one of the main instruments for the transmission of monetary policy targets from central banks to the rest of the economy (Iori et al., 2015a). On the other hand, interbank markets are an important object of attention by regulators and policy makers due to their intrinsic network structure that may amplify the response of the financial system to (even single seemingly isolated) shocks, thus paving the way for potential financial contagion and domino effects (Ferrari, 2016).




                                                                Urooj Qureshi

International Factor Movements

International Factor Movements and Multinational Firms


Over the last two decades, the number of trade agreements has grown at a particular rate. About 85 per cent of the 210 notifications in force today were concluded during this period.1 This increase in trade agreements has a significant impact on overseas operations of multinational firms (MNFs) leading to the appearance of a new foreign investment, namely Export-platform foreign direct investment (Export-platform FDI). It is defined as a foreign investment in a host country in order to export most of output to third countries. In 2000, exports to third countries as shares in total sales by American manufacturing affiliates accounted for 28 per cent. Particularly, for affiliates located in Ireland, Holland, and Belgium, those shares are respectively accounted for 71 per cent, 60 per cent, and 57 per cent (Ekholm et al., 2007). According to Ito (2013), American firms in countries such as Luxembourg, Hong Kong, Singapore, Netherlands, and Switzerland have high ratios of exports to third countries over the total sales in 2008, ranging from approximately 40 per cent to 70 per cent.



                                                                 Urooj Qureshi

Finance

                                         Finance



Since the financial crisis in September 2008, central banks have greatly expanded the scope of its tools to stimulate economies by cutting interest rates to the zero lower bound and taking on unconventional measures such as “quantitative easing” (QE). In consequence, there has been commensurate increase in the monetary base together with a tripling or quadrupling of the size of central bank balance sheets. However, these actions have had much less impact on bank lending and the broad money aggregate. In particular, the money multiplier, which was reasonably stable under normal conditions, experienced unprecedented plummeting to less than half of its pre-crisis level (see Figure 1 for the empirical movements of the M0 stock, the M2 stock and the money multiplier in the U.S.).




                                                                 Urooj Qureshi

How to be happy when everything goes wrong

       How to be happy when everything goes wrong



There are two primary takeaways from The Impact Bias about how to be happy. First, we have a tendency to focus on the thing that changes and forget about the things that don’t change. When thinking about winning the lottery, we imagine that event and all of the money that it will bring in. But we forget about the other 99 percent of life and how it will remain more or less the same. We’ll still feel grumpy if we don’t get enough sleep. We still have to wait in rush hour traffic. We still have to work out if we want to stay in shape. We still have to send in our taxes each year. It will still hurt when we lose a loved one. It will still feel nice to relax on the porch and watch the sunset. We imagine the change, but we forget the things that stay the same. Second, a challenge is an impediment to a particular thing, not to you as a person. In the words of Greek philosopher Epictetus, “Going lame is an impediment to your leg, but not to your will.” We overestimate how much negative events will harm our lives for precisely the same reason that we overvalue how much positive events will help our lives. We focus on the thing that occurs (like losing a leg), but forget about all of the other experiences of life.



                                                                Urooj Qureshi

The effects of income and inflation on financial development

 

    The effects of income and inflation on financial.         development: evidence from heterogeneous panels



In this article, we investigate four issues that remain inconclusive in the literature relating to the effects of real GDP and inflation on financial development. First, in the finance-growth nexus, the demand-following hypothesis posits that financial development responds to growth in real GDP per capita (hereafter referred to as GDP), since an increase in GDP engenders households and firms to increase their demands for financial products, services, intermediaries and institutions. To meet these increased demands, the financial sector embarks on innovations and technology which facilitate the development of the sector. The empirical literature on demand-following hypothesis found evidence suggesting that growth in GDP precedes financial development (Gozgor, 2015; Peia and Roszbach, 2015; Zang and Kim 2007). Yet, while Baltagi et al. (2009) and Law and Habibullah (2009) found that GDP is a significant determinant of financial development, Cherif and Dreger (2016) reported otherwise in emerging market economies. The differences in the empirical findings may be due to the inability of the studies to account for differences in the level of GDP across the countries. Thus, whether or not the impact of GDP or income2 on financial development is uniform across countries with diverse income levels remains unresolved.



                                                                    Urooj Qureshi

Management Accounting

                      Management Accounting


The process of preparing management reports and accounts that provide accurate and timely financial and statistical information required by managers to make day-to-day and short-term decisions. Unlike financial accounting, which produces annual reports mainly for external stakeholders, management accounting generates monthly or weekly reports for an organization's internal audiences such as department managers and the chief executive officer. These reports typically show the amount of available cash, sales revenue generated, amount of orders in hand, state of accounts payable and accounts receivable, outstanding debts, raw material and inventory, and may also include trend charts, variance analysis, and other statistics. Also called managerial accounting.



                                                               Urooj Qureshi 

Accounting cycle

                                 Accounting Cycle


 An accounting cycle is a systematic process used to help perform the basic function of accounting which is to identify, record, and the communicate information. A business or organization may have its own unique way of performing its accounting cycle, but each must perform the task in one way or another .today most companies use accounting software An accounting cycle is the collective process of identifying, analyzing, and recording the accounting events of a company. The series of steps begins when a transaction occurs and end with its inclusion in the financial statements. What is the Accounting Cycle? The accounting cycle is the holistic process of recording and processing all financial transactions of a company, from when the transaction occurs, to its representation on the financial statements, to closing the accounts. One of the main duties of a bookkeeper is to keep track of the full accounting cycle from start to finish. The cycle repeats itself every fiscal year as long as a company remains in business. The accounting cycle incorporates all the accounts, journal entries, T accounts, debits and credits, adjusting entries over a full cycle. An accounting cycle is the collective process of identifying, analyzing, and recording the accounting events of a company. The series of steps begins when a transaction occurs and end with its inclusion in the financial statements. Additional accounting records used during the accounting cycle include the general ledger and trial balance.





                                                                 Urooj Qureshi

Economic of strategy

                         Economics of strategy


Economic and other rational decision making involves choosing one of the available actions for the environment that the decision maker is facing, given his or her objectives. Rational decision making and the subsequent choice of action depend on these two primary factors. Economics of strategy is concerned with how a rational decision maker’s behavior in choosing an action can be explained by logical and strategic reasoning. A simple decision problem can be viewed as the simplest strategic problem, when there is only one agent for a given environment. Many economic problems, however, involve multiple decision makers. Our primary goal in economics of strategy is to provide a systematic analysis of how each decision maker behaves and how the strategic logics of the decision makers interact. The primary tool researchers use in strategic analysis is game theory. Game theory provides us with a systematic and logical method for studying decision-making problems that involve multiple decision makers. Game theory has been applied in many areas of economic studies, such as industrial organization and strategic international trade. Application of game theory has different implications, depending on the specific economic environment. To facilitate our understanding of how rational and strategic decisions are made, we focus on firms’ strategic behavior in settings with different market structures. We review necessary and commonly used concepts and modeling techniques of game theory and apply them in analyzing firms’ strategic behavior.




                                                             Urooj Qureshi

Neuroeconomics

                               Neuroeconomics


Decision making is a fundamental part of human behavior. We all make decisions every day that influence our health, well-being, finances, and future prospects, among other things. Researchers have become increasingly interested in why we make the decisions we do, especially when, in many cases, these decisions do not appear to be rational or beneficial to us in the long run. While neoclassical economics has traditionally looked at how people should behave, other disciplines such as psychology and cognitive science have tried to answer the question of why people act the way they do. A new discipline, referred to as neuroeconomics, has sought to meld theory and methodology from diverse areas such as economics, psychology, neuroscience, and decision theory to create a model of human behavior that not only explains but also predicts how people make decisions (Glimcher & Rustichini, 2004). Neuroeconomics research examines how people make choices and attempts to determine the underlying neural basis for these choices and decisions. This research paper examines some of the seminal studies in neuroeconomics, highlighting the public policy implications and offering areas of future research where neuroeconomics could be applied.




                                                            Urooj Qureshi

Inernational trade and trade restrictions

International trade and trade restrictions

 Economists disagree about many aspects of economic policy. However, few topics garner as much support in the field as the potential for free trade to make individuals and societies better off. At the same time, protests of World Trade Organization meetings and labor union opposition to free trade agreements continue to make headlines. This research paper presents the theory underlying the conclusion that trade makes people better off and discusses conditions under which certain individuals or groups may not share in these gains from trade. Empirical tests of trade theory are also discussed. This research paper is organized around the main theories, or models, of international trade. Each model seeks to explain certain aspects of the complex interactions between trading countries. Some models are more useful than others for answering certain questions. None tells the entire story, yet all capture important insights, and together they provide a useful basis for understanding international trade.




                                                                  Urooj Qureshi

Macroeconomic

                                    Macroeconomics


The term macroeconomics refers to study of the behavior of an economy as a whole or as a system; the phenomena explained are
 (1) the short-run level of economic activity—the levels of national output, income, and employment; (2) the causes of short-run fluctuation in economic activity (business cycles); and
(3) the long-run growth rate of an economy. This research paper focuses on the first two aspects of macroeconomics. The models are presented in an approximate chronological order; the research paper’s organizing theme is that modern macro-economic models can be seen as based on one of two competing “visions” of the economy:
(1) The economy is seen as stable, with strong market forces pushing it toward an equilibrium level consistent with full employment of labor and capital (as in the classical and new classical models), or
 (2) it is seen as an unstable system that grows through time in a boom-bust pattern, with its normal state being less than full employment and so less-than-potential output being produced (as in Keynes’s and the Keynesians’ models).





                                                               Urooj Qureshi

Microfinance

                                     Microfinance


Over the past several decades, microfinance, broadly defined as financial services to poor and low-income clients, has become an increasingly important tool for governments, multilateral agencies, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to address poverty. Initially, for example, with Banco Sol in Bolivia, the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, and Bank Rakyat of Indonesia, microfinance was focused primarily on microcredit, small loans to poor people. The basic idea was to extend credit to poor people who do not have access to finance, enabling them to help themselves. In designing products for the poor, the industry has made substantial innovations in the practices used in lending. In addition, some microfinance institutions (MFIs) now offer a range of financial services, including savings vehicles, money transfers, and insurance specifically designed to meet both the needs and specific situations of poor people. Broad recognition of microfinance as a development strategy came with the United Nations (UN) declaring 2005 The International Year of Microcredit and with the awarding of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize jointly to Mohamed Yunus and to the Grameen Bank, which he founded.



                                                                     Urooj Qureshi

Cost Benefit Analysis

                            Cost Benefit Analysis



Infrastructure, education, environmental protection, and health care are examples of goods and services that in many circumstances are not produced by competitive private companies. Instead, decision making regarding investments and regulations is often made by politicians or public sector officials. For these decisions to be consistent, rational, and increase welfare, a systematic approach to evaluating policy proposals is necessary. Cost-benefit analysis is such a tool to guide decision making in evaluation of public projects and regulations. Cost-benefit analysis is a procedure where all the relevant consequences associated with a policy are converted into a monetary metric. In that sense, it can be thought of as a scale of balance, where the policy is said to increase welfare if the benefits outweigh the costs. Cost-benefit analysis of a proposed policy may be structured along the following lines: 1. Identify the relevant population of the project. For a cost-benefit analysis of a single individual or for a firm, this is not a problem. But in a societal cost-benefit analysis, we need to consider how to define society. A common approach is to consider the whole country as the relevant population. This is reasonable given that most public policies are financed at the national level. Another approach is to conduct a cost-benefit analysis specifying costs and benefits using different definitions of the relevant population—for example, including benefits and costs of a neighboring country in the analysis.




                                                                Urooj Qureshi

Boosting innovation and productivity

              Boosting innovation and productivity


Income inequality is higher in the UK than in several other European countries, and is set to increase over the coming years. Child poverty is increasingly concentrated among one-earner couples, and policies supporting this group could have the most impact on reducing poverty in the future. Policy implications A key underlying trend for low household income is the extremely slow growth in men's pay levels, primarily affecting one-earner couples with children who have higher poverty rates than other working families. Incomes for this group have performed particularly badly over the last 20 years. There are no single easy policy solutions to boost the living standards of this group. Policies to support non-working partners back into work could be explored, such as addressing the weak financial incentives (for instance the cost of childcare), discrimination or cultural barriers to maternal employment. Means-tested benefits for one-earner couples could be increased. However, targeting additional means-tested support specifically at this group would further weaken the financial incentives for both parents to seek paid work.




                                                                 Urooj Qureshi

انسان اور سائنس

 انسان اور سائنس۔                                         ۔


قرآن کریم انسانوں کی رہنمائی کےلیے اللہ تعالیٰ کی جانب سے آخری کتاب ہے ۔اس میں تمام سابقہ آسمانی کتابوں کا نچوڑ اور لب لباب موجود ہے اس لیے  یہ کتاب اس   مقام پر اانسان کی رہنمائی کرتی ہے جہاں اس کی عقل اپنی  آخری حدوں کو چھولینے کے بعد حیران راہ جاتی ہے اس کتاب میں  اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کوجگہ جگہ اپنی قدرت کی نشانیوں کےذریعے  اپنے آپ کوپہچاننے  کی دعوت دی ہے ۔کہیں انسان کو اپنے  بدن پر غور  کرنے کی دعوت  ہے تو  کہیں اپنے ماحول پر ۔کہیں آسمانوں پر غور  کرنے کو کہا جارہا ہے   توکہیں پانی  اورآگ پر نظر التفات کرنے کی دعوت دی جاتی ہے  ۔اس دعوت کا مقصود صرف اور صرف یہ ہے کہ انسان کی نظر  مادے سے  ہٹا کرمادے  کے خالق کی جانب لگائی جائے ۔ یہ لا محدود کائنات ،جس میں ہم رہتے ہیں،کس طرح وجود میں آئی ؟یہ تمام توازن،ہم آہنگی اور نظم وضبط کس طرح سے پیدا ہوئے؟یہ کیونکر ممکن ہوا کہ یہ زمین ہمارے رہنے کے لئے موزوں ترین اور محفوظ قیام گاہ بن گئی؟ایسے سوالات نوع انسانی کے ظہور ہی سے توجہ کا مرکز رہے ہیں۔ان کے جوابات کی تلاش میں  سرگرداں سائنس دان اور فلسفی ،اپنی عقل ودانش اور عقل سلیم کی بدولت اسی نتیجے پر پہنچے ہیں کہ  کائنات کی صورت گری اور اس میں موجود نظم وضبط کسی اعلی ترین خالق مطلق کی موجودگی کی شہادت دے رہے ہیں۔جو اس ساری کائنات کا خالق و مالک ہے۔زمین وآسمان، بحروبراور نگاہوں کے سامنے پھیلی ہوئی بسیط کائنات کےبارے میں انسان کےنظریات کی بنا ان سائنسی انکشافات پر رکھی ہے جن کی بنیاد میں خالق کا انکارکار فرما ہے ۔ اس کے لیے نتیجے میں انسان اپنی زندگی کے ہر پہلو میں مادیت کی طرف جھک گیا ہے اور روحانیت سے منہ موڑلیا ہے۔مغرب  نے کائنات کے بارے میں اپنے نظریات کابہت زیادہ چرچا کیا ہے جب کہ مسلمانوں کےہاں اس کا جواب کم ہی دیاگیاہے



عروج قریشی

Fertilizing Growth

Fertilizing growth: Agricultural inputs and their effects in economic development



This paper estimates the role of agronomic inputs in cereal yield improvements and the consequences for countries' processes of structural change. The results suggest a clear role for fertilizer, modern seeds and water in boosting yields. We then test for respective empirical links between agricultural yields and economic growth, labor share in agriculture and non-agricultural value added per worker. The identification strategy includes a novel instrumental variable that exploits the unique economic geography of fertilizer production and transport costs to countries' agricultural heartlands. We estimate that a half ton increase in staple yields generates a 14 to 19 percent higher GDP per capita and a 4.6 to 5.6 percentage point lower labor share in agriculture five years later. The results suggest a strong role for agricultural productivity as a driver of structural change.



                                                                      Urooj Qureshi

الكون المخلوق

الکون المخلوق۔                                      ۔        

كيف نشأ هذا الكون الذي لا حدود له ، والذي نعيش فيه؟ كيف حدث كل هذا التوازن والانسجام والنظام؟ كيف كان من الممكن لهذه الأرض أن تصبح المكان الأكثر أمانًا وأمانًا بالنسبة لنا للعيش؟ لقد كانت هذه الأسئلة محور الاهتمام منذ ظهور الكائن البشري ، وبحثًا عن إجاباتهم ، توصل العلماء والفلاسفة البارزون ، بذكائهم وفكرهم ، إلى نفس الاستنتاج بأن الكون يتشكل ويتضمنه. الانضباط يشهد على وجود الخالق الأسمى ، خالق الكون كله. هذه حقيقة لا جدال فيها يمكننا الوصول إليها باستخدام ذكائنا ، وقد أعلن الله هذه الحقيقة على حد تعبير القرآن الكريم في القرآن الكريم. كتاب التعليق "خلق الكون" هو ترجمة باللغة الأردية لكتاب آرون يحيى الإنجليزي ، ترجم من قبل السيدة عليم أحمد ، ولدت المؤلف في عام 1956 في أنقرة بتركيا. تم نشر العديد من الكتب عن سياستك وعلومك ومعتقداتك الإسلامية ، فأنت من بين الكتاب المعروفين الذين اخترعوا ادعاءات الحقائق التطورية والتطورية. تتم طباعة كتبك بعدة لغات في جميع أنحاء العالم تتناول كتبك المسلمين وغير المسلمين ، كلهم ​​بغض النظر عن العمر والعرق والعرق ، لأن هذه الكتب لها غرض واحد فقط: إحضار علامات وجود الله الأبدي للقارئ بوعيهم. - لقد أنشأت "مؤسسة أبحاث العلوم" في تركيا التي أصبحت الآن مؤسسة قوية ، فهي لا تعقد مؤتمرات دولية في حالة إنكار الداروينية فحسب ، بل لتقديم صورة دقيقة عن الإسلام في العصر الحديث. هو أيضا التحقيق. في هذا الكتاب ، يصف المؤلف الخلق غير الكون ، والهزيمة العلمية للمادة ، وتوازن الانفجارات ، وانضباط الانسجام في الذرات ، والأرض ، وكوكب أزرق وتكوين الماء. مدعو للانصياع.

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